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Technologies and approaches from the physical sciences and engineering can act as enabling partners with biology to find solutions to difficult problems in medicine. Because the immune system plays a critical role in disease, engineering approaches grounded in immunology may hold the key to the discovery and development of novel treatments for cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity. Cancer Immunotherapy is also known as “targeted therapy” in which drugs specifically target molecules on cancer cells that are responsible for their growth and spread. They do not have the broad spectrum of action that chemotherapy does, and whereas chemotherapy kills cancer cells (in addition to normal cells) targeted therapies will block the tumor cells from proliferating. Targeted therapies are focused on the aberration present in the cancer, whether that is abnormal proteins on the cell surface or chromosomal abnormalities within the cell nucleus. Targeted therapies can be monoclonal antibodies, which are large molecules that interact with targets outside the cell, or they can be small-molecule compounds that are capable of entering the cell. A study recently published in the journal Structure reveals how researchers are engineering immune cells to have enhanced capabilities of recognizing foreign proteins (antigens) on the surface of cancer cells.
“Our study demonstrates new routes for custom designing functional T cell receptors with optimal antigen recognition properties. This will help open the door for customized specificity in order to optimize T cell targeting and killing,” said the head of the research team, Brian Baker, PhD, Professor and Associate Dean at the University of Notre Dame. “Immunotherapy is changing how cancer is treated.”
T cells are the guardian cells of the immune system that surveille and destroy cancer cells. Receptors on T cell surfaces will recognize foreign proteins on invaders (be it on bacteria, viruses or cancer). Researchers at Notre Dame wanted a better understanding of the specificity of T cell receptor (TCR) for the purposes of manipulating it. They successfully engineered a switch on the TCRs that is responsible for recognition of foreign proteins, specifically proteins on the surface of cancerous cells – which enabled a directed and “laser-like accuracy” immune response to cancer.
Intelligence is a matter of information processing in physical systems. Actually, this is a little bit more than an assumption. Narrow intelligence have already been built into our machines, and many of these machines perform at a level of superhuman intelligence already. Considering the fact that mere matter can give rise to so called "general intelligence," an ability to think flexibly across multiple domains, because our brains have managed it. There's just atoms in our brain, and as long as we continue to build systems of atoms that display more and more intelligent behavior, we will eventually build general intelligence into our machines.
It is more likely that we will keep going because intelligence is either the source of everything we value or we need it to safeguard everything we value. We have problems that we desperately need to solve. We want to understand economic systems. We want to cure diseases like Alzheimer's and cancer.We want to improve our climate science. So we will do this, if we want to achieve our goals. We don't stand on a peak of intelligence, or anywhere near it, likely. And this really is the crucial insight. This is what makes our situation so uncertain, and this is what makes our instincts about risk so unreliable. Suppose if some region in the world creates such a form of AI then that region will be standing on the verge of a full scale war to be imposed on it by other regions. Because other regions will try to do anything to stop that progress because having such an AI can put you years in front of others. Moreover, such AI systems will have a capability to improve and become better at such rates that it would even become difficult for us Humans to keep track of them as our biochemical system is not as fast as the electronic systems of the computers. So machines will be developed which can do work faster than human beings and a time will come when the machines will be our labor, in almost every job we can imagine. This will cause a level of wealth inequality and unemployment that we have never seen before. Absent a willingness to immediately put this new wealth to the service of all humanity, a few trillionairess could grace the covers of our business magazines while the rest of the world would be free to starve. Humans will be rid of their most intellectual work. Now if we admit that information processing is the source of intelligence, that some appropriate computational system is what the basis of intelligence is, and we admit that we will improve these systems continuously, then we have to admit that we are in the process of building some sort of god. Now would be a good time to make sure it's a god we can live with.
